Date of Award

5-1980

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Arts

Department

Psychology

First Advisor

Barbara Biggs

Second Advisor

Boyd Morros

Abstract

This thesis explores the role of physical touch as an adjunct to psychotherapy, analyzing both its therapeutic benefits and potential risks. Touch, defined in this study as physical contact including handshakes, touches on the arm or shoulder, hugs, kisses, and massage, is considered a fundamental human need and communication tool that extends across cultures and species. Drawing from psychological literature, developmental research, and the history of therapeutic practice, the study traces how touch has evolved in psychotherapy—from pre-Freudian physical treatments to Freud's rejection of touch in favor of neutrality, and to contemporary views that embrace limited, intentional touch as therapeutic.

The research incorporates a questionnaire distributed to 108 practicing psychotherapists in Southern California, of whom 54 responded. These responses were analyzed to determine the frequency, form, and rationale for using touch in clinical settings. The results showed that a significant majority of therapists use touch in practice, most commonly in the form of handshakes, touches on the arm or shoulder, and hugs. Male therapists reported higher overall use of touch than female therapists. While responses varied slightly across therapeutic orientations (Analytic, Humanistic/Gestalt, Cognitive/Behavioral, Eclectic), opinions on touch were largely positive, emphasizing benefits such as enhanced trust, communication, and therapeutic alliance.

However, concerns were also noted regarding the potential for misinterpretation, dependency, or sexual transference. The study concludes that when used judiciously, touch can be a powerful therapeutic tool, but it must be applied with sensitivity to client needs, context, and boundaries. The thesis recommends further investigation, including the perspectives of clients who experience therapeutic touch, to deepen understanding of its impact within psychotherapy.

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