The Confluence
Volume 4, Issue 2 (2025)
Editor's Notes
Since the Confluence’s founding as a Lindenwood student research journal in 2021, we have published four volumes and eight issues, showcasing the scholarship of 49 Lindenwood University students. Their contributions have reached a global audience, with downloads by more than 2,000 institutions across 164 countries. Through the Confluence, Lindenwood students are establishing an international presence and making meaningful contributions to their respective fields.
Over the past several years, it has been a privilege to support our students as they navigate the process of academic publishing and develop confidence as emerging scholars. I am deeply grateful to the dedicated reviewers and editorial team members whose feedback and mentorship have been vital to the Confluence’s growth and to our authors’ success.
As I conclude my term as Editor-in-Chief, I am pleased to announce the appointment of Dr. Sara Kaufman, Assistant Professor of Communications in the College of Arts and Humanities at Lindenwood University, as the Confluence’s next Editor-in-Chief. She earned her Ph.D. from the Brian Lamb School of Communication at Purdue University. Her research broadly focuses on interpersonal communication, and she is particularly interested in issues related to grief, death and dying and the role of animals in human social life. Her work has been published in OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, Handbook of Research on Communication Strategies for Taboo Topics, Death Studies and The Routledge Handbook of Public Speaking Research and Theory. Dr. Kaufman brings exceptional expertise and vision to this role, and I am confident that under her leadership, the Confluence and our students will continue to flourish.
Articles
Lucy Wortham James and the Gospel of Wealth: A Case Study of Female Philanthropy in Rural Missouri During the Progressive Era
Jacob F. Rinehart
Evaluating Lunch Plan Data in the St. Charles School District (SCSD)
Maddy Alexander, Guillermo Bilbao Olarreaga, Duncan Krige, Alyssa Schreiber, Nick Wintz, and Wojciech Golik
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Nichole Torbitzky, Lindenwood University
Cover Art
Farm Landscape
About the Author
Wren Rausch is a student at Lindenwood University in the Art and Design program in the College of Arts and Humanities.
About the Art
"Farm Landscape" is an illustration I created to depict a moment where I truly felt present in the moment. I believe it is important that everyone takes the time to find their inner peace. Personally, I feel the most connected with myself when I'm outside in nature. The wind, varying temperature, and sounds reminds me I'm alive and it makes me appreciate my life. So, I ultimately created this piece to allow the viewer to have a glimpse into my world and hopefully inspire them to look deeper into their own.