Student Scholarship

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

This project explores the historical development and administrative functions of two major bureaus under the Smithsonian Institution: the United States National Museum and the National Zoological Park. Originating from the 1829 bequest of James Smithson, an Englishman who sought to create an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, the Smithsonian was formally established by Congress in 1846. The document details how the institution transitioned from a private trust into a complex organization under federal guardianship, governed by a Board of Regents and executive secretaries such as Joseph Henry and Spencer Fullerton Baird. 

The United States National Museum grew through early exploring expeditions and the dedicated collecting efforts of Assistant Secretary Baird, eventually expanding into multiple buildings to house millions of specimens across departments like anthropology, zoology, and geology. Its functions extend beyond exhibition to include scientific research, field trips, and collaboration with federal agencies like the Department of Agriculture. Similarly, the National Zoological Park was established in 1890 in Rock Creek Valley, initially to preserve the American bison from extinction and to provide a space for live animal study. While smaller in staff, the zoo serves as a national repository for animals gifted to the President and conducts significant public education efforts. 

The study also examines the fiscal challenges facing these bureaus. While the museum relies on direct congressional appropriations for its modernization and operations, the National Zoological Park occupies a unique position where its funding is channeled through District of Columbia appropriations despite its federal administration. The project concludes that while these institutions face periodic budgetary hurdles, they remain vital mirrors of American cultural and scientific progress.

Research Highlights

  • The Problem: This paper examines the historical development, organizational structures, and fiscal dependencies of the United States National Museum and the National Zoological Park within the Smithsonian Institution. 

  • The Method: The researcher conducted a qualitative study using historical institutional reports, legislative records, and personal interviews with museum curators, budget officers, and the directors of both bureaus. 

  • Quantitative Finding: The Smithsonian Institution hosted approximately 3 million visitors annually as of 1954; the United States National Museum collection totaled approximately 34,000,000 specimens; the National Zoological Park maintained a population of 3,000 animals; and the 1955 Congressional appropriation for the Smithsonian was $3,000,000. 

  • Qualitative Finding: The United States National Museum initiated a nine-year modernization plan to replace antiquated exhibits with thematic, visual education displays; the National Zoological Park maintains a unique fiscal status where its budget is channeled through District of Columbia appropriations despite being under federal Smithsonian administration. 

Publication Date

1-1955

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