Student Scholarship

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

This thesis, titled "A Survey of a New Emphasis in American Foreign Policy: The Point Four Program," provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical assistance initiative proposed by President Harry S. Truman in his 1949 inaugural address. The author, Mary Ella Bemis, argues that the program represents a significant shift in foreign policy, moving beyond European economic recovery to a "bold new program" focused on the balanced development of underdeveloped areas where the majority of the population lives in poverty, disease, and ignorance.

The study begins by reviewing the historical context and operational precedents established by international agencies, such as the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and United States governmental bodies like the Institute of Inter-American Affairs. These early programs demonstrated that technical cooperation in agriculture, public health, and education could significantly raise living standards and laid the groundwork for the Point Four approach.

The document details the legislative framework of the proposed "International Technical Cooperation Act of 1949" (H.R. 5615) and outlines the administrative machinery designed to coordinate these efforts through the Department of State. Key methods of implementation discussed include economic surveys, advisory missions, and the training of local personnel in the United States. The author emphasizes that technical assistance must be supplemented by capital formation, specifically encouraging private investment to foster sustainable economic growth.

In conclusion, the thesis warns of the legislative delays facing the program and asserts that for Point Four to succeed, the United States must actively counter accusations of "imperialism" and create a favorable climate for private capital. Ultimately, the program is presented as a vital democratic alternative to communism in the developing world.

Research Highlights

  • The Problem: Over one-half of the global population resides in underdeveloped areas characterized by poverty, disease, hunger, and illiteracy, with an average daily intake of only 2,000 calories. 

  • The Method: This study utilizes a review of current 1949–1950 government publications, legislative hearings for H.R. 5615, and interviews with Department of State officials and foreign embassy staffs. 

  • Quantitative Finding: Per capita income in developed areas is $461 compared to $41 in underdeveloped areas; life expectancy in developed regions is over twice that of underdeveloped regions; 78% of the population in underdeveloped areas is illiterate.

  • Qualitative Finding: The Point Four Program shifts foreign policy from isolated aid to balanced and integrated economic development; success depends on creating a favorable international investment climate and fostering "partnership capitalism" through private enterprise. 

  • Finding: The United States Government proposed an initial 1950 budget of $35,000,000 for technical cooperation, aiming to stabilize global markets and combat the spread of communism by raising international standards of living.

Publication Date

1-1950

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